UK Court Opinions

English High Court Refuses to Set Aside an Order for Enforcement of an International Arbitration Award

January 9, 2019 by Jeanne Kohler

This case relates to a dispute between Eastern European Engineering Ltd. (“EEEL”) and Vijay Construction (Proprietary) Ltd. (“VCL”), both of which are incorporated in the Seychelles, arising out of the construction of a hotel resort and spa. In 2011, the parties had entered into six materially identical contracts. Disputes arose and EEEL eventually terminated the contracts. EEEL referred the disputes to an International Chamber of Commerce (“ICC”) arbitration seated in Paris. A sole arbitrator was appointed, who issued an award in November 2014 in EEEL’s favor (the “Award”).

VCL challenged the Award in the French courts on three grounds. The French court dismissed VCL’s challenge. Although VCL initially appealed that decision, it did not purse the appeal and it was subsequently dismissed in May 2017. Concurrently, in January 2015, VCL also initiated proceedings in the Seychelles, seeking to set aside the Award on essentially the same grounds as those on which the challenges were based in the French proceedings. In April 2017, the Seychellois court dismissed all of VCL’s challenges and held that the Award was enforceable. VCL, however, successfully appealed that decision because, under Seychellois law, there is no power to order enforcement on the basis that the New York Convention had been previously repudiated by the Seychelles. The merits of the substantive grounds of the lower court’s decision were not considered in the appeal.

In August 2015, EEEL successfully obtained an order from the English High Court to enforce the Award in England and Wales and to enter judgment against VCL (the “August 2015 Order”). In October 2015, VCL applied under section 103 of the Arbitration Act 1996 to set aside the August 2015 Order. That application was stayed while the French and the Seychellois proceedings were pending. EEEL argued that VCL’s application should be denied because of issue estoppel and public policy on finality. As to issue estoppel, EEEL argued that the conditions were satisfied because the decision of the French court was a final merits decision in a court of competent jurisdiction between the same parties.

The English High Court denied VCL’s application to set aside the August 15 Order. First, the English court agreed that, in relation to VCL’s challenge based on jurisdiction, VCL was estopped as VCL’s argument in the English proceeding appeared to be exactly the same as that which was made in the French proceeding. As to VCL’s challenge on the ground of procedural unfairness, the court found that VCL’s argument was “slightly different” in the English proceeding, and thus the court considered the merits of the challenges. In considering each of VCL’s challenges, the court found that they failed. Thus, the English court did not have to reach the question of public policy on finality. It, however, noted that it would “have concluded that the balance came down in favor of upholding the public policy on finality,” explaining that the facts here, where VCL had sought to raise substantially the same challenges to the Award in two other courts, one of which had a full evidentiary hearing, “are circumstances which would weigh very heavily against allowing VCL a third challenge.”

Eastern European Engineering Ltd. v. Vijay Construction (Proprietary) Ltd., [2018] EWHC 2713 (Comm) (Oct. 11, 2018).

This post written by Jeanne Kohler.

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English Court Holds that Discovery Given by U.S. Citizen Pursuant to a 28 U.S.C. § 1782 Order can be Used in London Arbitrations

October 16, 2018 by John Pitblado

This English court case involved arguments by Dreymoor Fertilisers Overseas Pte. Ltd. (“Dreymoor”), a Singapore trading company, to prevent EuroChem Trading GmbH, a Swiss company, and JSC MCC EuroChem, Russia’s largest fertilizer company (collectively, EuroChem”), from using information obtained through a U.S. court order under 28 U.S.C. §1782 (the “1782 Order”), which allows a federal court to order a person residing in its district to provide testimony or documents “for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal.”

EuroChem had obtained the 1782 Order in Tennessee federal court in order to obtain information to be used in litigation against Dreymoor proceeding in the British Virgin Islands and in Cyprus. EuroChem also intended to use the information obtained pursuant to the 1782 Order in two arbitrations proceeding in London. In all of the cases, EuroChem alleges that Dreymoor paid bribes to secure various fertilizer supply and sales contracts. Dreymoor sought an injunction in an English court, restraining EuroChem from enforcing the 1782 Order with respect to the London arbitrations, which was originally granted.

However, recently, on an application to continue the injunction, an English court found that EuroChem has a legitimate interest in obtaining the evidence in question for use in the London arbitrations. Thus, the court held “[w]hether enforcement of the 1782 Order would constitute unconscionable conduct requires an overall evaluation,” and “[i]n my judgment, looking at the circumstances of this case as a whole and with particular regard to the factors which I have identified, many of which point strongly against the grant of an injunction, it would not.” Thus, the English court refused to continue the injunction.

Dreymoor Fertilisers Overseas PTE Ltd. v. EuroChem Trading GMBH, [2018] EWHC 2267 (Comm. Aug. 24, 2018).

This post written by Jeanne Kohler.

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In Deepwater Horizon Arbitration, UK Appellate Court Declines to Remove Arbitrator with Multiple Related Appointments

July 10, 2018 by Michael Wolgin

The underlying case concerned the 2010 explosion and fire on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico, when a well which was in the process of being plugged and temporarily abandoned, experienced a blow out. The appellant, Halliburton, provided cementing and well-monitoring services to BP in relation to the temporary abandonment of the well. Halliburton made a claim on its liability insurance against Chubb; however, Chubb refused to pay Halliburton’s claim, contending, among other things, that Halliburton’s settlement of the claims was not reasonable and that Chubb had not consented to the settlement.

At the coverage dispute arbitration between Halliburton and Chubb, two arbitrators were appointed on behalf of Halliburton and Chubb respectively. The third arbitrator, however, was Chubb’s preferred candidate. While the third arbitrator disclosed to Halliburton that he had acted, and was currently acting, as an arbitrator in multiple arbitrations involving Chubb, he did not disclose that he was serving as an arbitrator appointed by Chubb in two other disputes involving Transocean, the owner of the rig in this case. As such, in both instances, the third arbitrator heard similar or identical arguments by Chubb. Upon learning of this information, Halliburton issued a claim form seeking that the third arbitrator be removed. But the claim form was subsequently dismissed, and Chubb went on to win the arbitration against Halliburton.

Among several issues on appeal was “[w]hether and to what extent an arbitrator may accept appointments in multiple references concerning the same or overlapping subject matter with only one common party without thereby giving rise to an appearance of bias.” On this question, the Court reasoned that “the mere fact that an arbitrator accepts appointments in multiple references concerning the same or overlapping subject matter with only one common party does not of itself give rise to an appearance of bias.” With regard to the requirement, if any, of disclosure, the Court reiterated the English law principle that the required disclosure was “facts or circumstances which would or might lead the fair-minded and informed observer, having considered the facts, to conclude that there was a real possibility that the arbitrator was biased.”

Applying these principles, the court was persuaded that “(1) the non-disclosed circumstance does not in itself justify an inference of apparent bias; (2) disclosure ought to have been made, but the omission was accidental rather than deliberate; (3) the very limited degree of overlap means that this is not a case where overlapping issues should give rise to any significant concerns; (4) the fair-minded and informed observer would not consider that mere oversight in such circumstances would give rise to justifiable doubts as to impartiality; and (5) there is no substance in Halliburton’s criticisms of [the third arbitrator’s] conduct after the non-disclosure was challenged or in the other heads of complaint raised by them.” The court then affirmed the judgment, denied Halliburton’s challenge, and declined to find a real possibility that the third arbitrator was biased. Halliburton Co. v. Chubb Bermuda Ins. Co., Case No. [2018] EWCA Civ 817 (Royal Courts of Justice, Apr. 19, 2018).

This post written by Gail Jankowski.

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Court of Appeal of England and Wales Finds That Party’s Forgery of Documents in Connection with a Transaction Does Not Bar Confirmation of Arbitration Award

May 15, 2018 by Rob DiUbaldo

The Court of Appeal of England and Wales has rejected a challenge to an arbitration award issued by the China International Trade Arbitration Commission (the “Tribunal”) against RBRG Trading (UK) Limited in favor of Sinocore International Co. Ltd., despite an argument from RBRG that the award was contrary to public policy.

The matter arose from Sinocore’s agreement to sell steel to RBRG. The parties later amended the contract to give RBRG a right to inspect the steel, and RBRG claimed that the parties agreed to amend a letter of credit issued by a Dutch bank in connection to the transaction to change the shipping date to July 20 and 30, 2010. Sinocore then shipped the steel on July 7, 2010, a fact of which RBRG was informed, but presented bills of lading that falsely gave the date of July 20-21, 2010 to the bank. The bank refused to pay due to the fraudulent bills of lading, and Sinocore terminated the contract and sold the steel to a third party. RBRG then commenced the arbitration, claiming that Sinocore had breached the agreement to allow RBRG to inspect the steel by shipping it too soon, and Sinocore counterclaimed for damages related to the termination of the contract.

The Tribunal determined that RBRG had not asked to inspect the steel and had been timely notified of its shipment and thus could not claim damages from Sinocore’s failure to allow an inspection. The tribunal further determined that RBRG had breached the contract by instructing the bank to issue the amended letter of credit, an amendment to which Sinocore had not agreed. The Tribunal further determined that that forgery of the bills of lading had not harmed RBRG and had not been the cause of the termination of the agreement, which instead resulted from RBRG’s instruction to issue the non-conforming letter of credit.

When Sinocore attempted to enforce the award in the United Kingdom, RBRG argued that it should not be enforced because it was based on Sinocore’s forgery of bills of lading, and that it was contrary to public policy to assist a seller who present forged documents under a letter of credit. The court disagreed, however, and emphasized the importance both of enforcing arbitral awards and of strictly construing the exception for awards that violate public policy. Ultimately, relying in part on the Tribunal’s determination that RBRG’s conduct caused the contract to terminate, the court found that the connection between the forged bills of lading and the award was simply too weak to justify a departure from the general rule that arbitral awards should be enforced.

RBRG Trading (UK) Limited v. Sinocore International Co. Ltd., [2018] EWCA (Civ) 838

This post written by Jason Brost.

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U.K. Court Of Appeal Finds Experienced “Insurance Or Reinsurance” Lawyers Are Eligible For Appointment To Arbitration Panel Under Arbitration Clause In Reinsurance Treaty

April 10, 2018 by John Pitblado

The U.K. Court of Appeal has held that an arbitration clause commonly found in London market excess of loss reinsurance treaties does not prohibit the appointment of insurance or reinsurance lawyers to an arbitration panel. The clause at issue provides that, “[u]nless the parties otherwise agree, the arbitration tribunal shall consist of persons with not less than ten years’ experience of insurance or reinsurance.” The Court reversed an order of the U.K.’s High Court of Justice, Commercial Court, which held that a lawyer who had over ten years of experience in insurance and reinsurance disputes did not qualify for appointment to the panel under the clause because he did not have experience in the insurance or reinsurance “industry.” On appeal, the Court held that nothing in the clause itself restricted the pool of candidates to “trade arbitrators,” and that the clause need not be interpreted as such simply because it was drafted by a “trade body.” The Court instead emphasized that the “practical and legal aspects of insurance and reinsurance are so intertwined that both market professionals and lawyers who have specialised in the field for many years are commonly appointed as arbitrators” in matters involving such disputes. Thus, unless the parties have some special reason for excluding lawyers as eligible candidates—in which case they can expressly state as such in the contract—the Court held that lawyers experienced in the field of insurance or reinsurance are naturally qualified to serve as an arbitrator under the clause.

Allianz Ins. PLC v. Tonicstar Limited, [2018] EWCA Civ. 434 (Commercial Court).

This post written by Alex Silverman.
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