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Arbitration / Court Decisions

REINSURER ENTITLED TO A PREMIUM OFFSET AND THE RECOVERY OF A NON-RENEWAL CHARGE

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This dispute centered around a reinsurance contract between Imagine Insurance Company (“Imagine”) and American Superior Insurance Company (“American Superior”). In August of 2004, three months after the effective date of the contract and after only one premium payment, American Superior suffered a major hurricane loss and almost immediately experienced insolvency. A month later, pursuant to a consent order of rehabilitation, the Florida Department of Financial Services (the “Department”) was appointed as the receiver of American Superior. Imagine then gave 30 days’ notice of intent to terminate the contract pursuant to the special terminations provisions and advised that a non-renewal charge was due from American Superior. In December of 2004, the Department was appointed as the receiver for liquidation purposes. Shortly thereafter, in February of 2005, Imagine asserted the right to recover and retain the non-renewal charge. The Department denied this charge was payable and demanded repayment of unearned premium previously deducted by Imagine. The trial court denied Imagine’s motion for summary judgment, granted the Department’s motion for summary judgment, and concluded that Imagine wrongfully retained the premium offset and could not recover the non-renewal charge.

Applying a de novo standard of review, the appellate court analyzed the contract language applicable to the premium offset and determined that the trial court misinterpreted the word “outstanding” as meaning past due. According to the dictionary and in light of the phrase “due for the Contract Year,” the correct meaning was uncollected or paid. Thus, against any loss payments, Imagine would offset the uncollected or unpaid premium installments remaining for the contract year. Next, the appellate court looked to the non-renewal charge language that states: “Should the Reinsurer elect to decline to offer renewal terms as described above, the Reinsurer shall forfeit the Non Renewal Charge.” The trial court had used the language to find that Imagine was not entitled to a non-renewal charge, but the appellate court reasoned that the reference to contract renewal terms “as described above” implicated the contract renewal section, which was not applicable to the case. Furthermore, the plain language of the contract established Imagine’s entitlement to the non-renewal charge. The appellate court thus reversed the summary judgment order and found that Imagine properly offset the remaining premium installments from the loss payment and was entitled to the non-renewal charge. Imagine Insurance Co., Ltd. v. State of Florida ex rel. The Department of Financial Services, Case No. 1D07-6027 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. December 16, 2008).

This post written by Dan Crisp.

UK COURT REFUSES TO HOLD DIRECTOR LIABLE ON JUDGMENT AGAINST INSURER

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As we previously posted in July, 2007, a UK court assessed costs against insurance broker Horace Holman & Co. (“Horace”) in an action Horace brought against Equitas Ltd. (“Equitas”) which the Court found to be “largely fruitless.” The matter was recently brought back before the Court by Equitas, which sought post-judgment enforcement of the order, insofar as Horace has not made ordered payments. Horace responded that it was in liquidation proceedings, and Equitas responded by asserting that Horace’s liability is recoverable from Mr. Arwyn Powell, who was added as a party to the proceeding. Mr. Powell was Holman’s sole shareholder and managing director, and also shareholder and director of related companies, including Camomile Management Consulting Ltd. (“Camomile”), which was a creditor of Horace in the liquidation proceedings.

The Court rejected the enforcement orders sought by Equitas. First, the Court rejected the allegation that Horace’s liquidation was a previously devised plan to avoid any judgment in the event one was obtained against it, and that Equitas thus had no further rights against Horace than as creditor in the liquidation proceedings. The court rejected claims directly against Mr. Powell as sole shareholder of Horace, finding no ground for “piercing the corporate veil.” The Court also rejected the claim that Powell, as Camomile’s shareholder, stood to benefit from liquidation, and Camomile’s position as creditor in that proceeding. Finally, the Court found it dispositive that Equitas failed to warn Powell that it would seek to recover directly against him, prior to making its application for such recovery. Equitas Ltd. v. Horace Holman & Co., Ltd. [2008] EWHC 2287 (Comm) (Oct. 3, 2008).

This post written by John Pitblado.

ENGLISH REINSURANCE ASSETS TO BE REMITTED TO AUSTRALIAN LIQUIDATORS, BUT FOR WHAT REASON?

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In a July 12, 2007 post, we reported on issues relating to HIH Casualty and General Insurance Limited (“HIH”). The question before the court was whether it had jurisdiction to entertain a request under the Insolvency Act for directions to the liquidators in England to transfer assets collected by them to the liquidators in an Australian liquidation. The Court of Appeal held that it would not direct a transfer of the English assets by the English provisional liquidators to the Australian liquidators because to do so would prejudice the interests of many of the creditors. The House of Lords disagreed, allowing an appeal and ruling that the English assets of the insolvent insurer should be remitted to the Australian liquidator. There were sharp differences of opinion as to why exactly that should be the case.

The HIH group presented winding up petitions to the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 2001. Some of the assets, which consisted mostly of reinsurance claims on London policies, were situated in England, so English provisional liquidators were appointed. The Australian judge subsequently issued winding up orders and sent a letter to the High Court in London asking that the provisional liquidators remit the assets to the Australian liquidators for distribution in accordance with Australian law. The question on appeal was whether the English court could and should accede to the request. The alternative was a separate liquidation and distribution of the English assets under the English Insolvency Act of 1986. The manner of distribution mattered because Australian law generally gave priority to insurance creditors at the expense of other creditors, while the same result would not obtain under English law.

The decision was resolved primarily by analyzing the tension between section 426(4) of the Insolvency Act, which allows an English court with insolvency jurisdiction to assist designated foreign courts (including Australian courts), and section 426(5) of the same Act, which allows a court discretion to provide assistance in accordance with the rules of private international law, including the common law principle of “modified universalism.” That principle requires United Kingdom courts to cooperate with Australian courts to ensure that all the assets are distributed under a single system of distribution. While the court stated that a refusal to remit the assets might be appropriate if it causes a manifest injustice to a creditor, it ultimately found that the Australian distribution was not unacceptably discriminatory or contrary to public policy.

The dispute was focused on whether the basis of jurisdiction ought to be grounded in the common law considerations allowed by section 426(5) or the discrete statutory authority of section 426(4). Lord Hoffmann would have allowed the remission solely through the exercise of common law principles. He argued that under the common law doctrine of ancillary winding up, English courts may “disapply” parts of the statutory scheme by authorizing the English liquidator to allow actions he is obliged by statute to perform in accordance with English law to be performed by the foreign liquidator in accordance with foreign law. Others, including Lord Phillips, rejected this view: “I do not propose to stray from the firm area of common ground [of allowing the appeal under section 426] onto the controversial area of whether, in the absence of statutory jurisdiction, the same result could have been reached under a discretion available under the common law.” Lord Neuberger, too, opposed Lord Hoffman’s view, stating that he took “the view that it would not have been open to an English court to make the order sought by the Australian liquidators in the absence of section 426(4) and (5) of the 1986 Act.” McGrath v. Riddell [2008] 1 WLR 852, [2008] UKHL 21 (Apr. 9, 2008).

This post written by Brian Perryman.

AIU v. TIG DISCOVERY DISPUTE: THE SAGA CONTINUES

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The bell has rung on the latest round of discovery litigation brought between AIU Insurance Company (“AIU”) and TIG Insurance Company (“TIG”) in litigation in federal District Court. As we wrote in our previous post of October 2, 2008, AIU brought the litigation to recover reinsurance payments allegedly owed to it from TIG on the basis of certain excess liabilities arising from underlying asbestos litigation exposure. In our October post, we noted that the Court ordered TIG to produce documents relating to its anticipated late notice defense from its claim file, despite its objections based on claims of attorney-client privilege and protection under the work product doctrine.

In the latest round of discovery litigation, TIG moved to compel AIU to produce certain documents despite AIU’s claims of privilege. In another split decision, the court ordered some, but not all of the relief sought by the moving party. Despite TIG’s arguments that certain privileged documents were nonetheless discoverable because AIU’s advice of counsel defense put them at issue, the Court held that the advice of coverage counsel is not necessarily at issue in evaluating the reasonableness of an underlying settlement. The Court did order the production of documents pertaining to similar, but unrelated claims, noting that they could lead to the discovery of admissible evidence pertaining to the manner in which the insurer interprets its own obligations under the notice provision of its contracts. The Court also ordered that AIU search the electronic files of certain persons named by TIG, finding that their electronic materials were discoverable. AIU Insurance Company v. TIG Insurance Company, 07-CV-7052 (SHS) (HBP) (USDC SDNY Nov. 25, 2008).

This post written by John Pitblado.

COURT TO PARTIES: YOU ARE ARBITRATING

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On behalf of an aggrieved union member, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers brought a grievance against Verizon for declaring the employee medically unfit to drive a company van. A collective bargaining agreement provided for mandatory arbitration for all disputes under the agreement. Verizon alleged in arbitration that the dispute fell under the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Act (“FMCSA”) rather than the Collective Bargaining Agreement. The arbitrator issued an Interim Award ordering the parties to submit to FMCSA dispute procedures before continuing arbitration. The American Arbitration Association cancelled an arbitration hearing and has since administratively closed the parties file. The FMCSA review process remains ongoing.

IBEW subsequently filed suit in the US District Court, alleging that Verizon’s failure to reschedule an arbitration hearing was in breach of the Collective Bargaining Agreement’s arbitration clause. IBEW moved for summary judgment on whether the underlying issue was arbitrable and whether Verizon was in violation of the arbitration agreement. The Court held that the crux of the matter was whether Verizon acted capriciously or arbitrarily when it found the employee medically unqualified to operate the motor vehicle, which would be a violation of the Collective Bargaining Agreement. Disputes under the Agreement are subject to arbitration. The Court also stated that because the arbitrator ordered the parties to submit to FMCSA procedures, arbitration was in fact still ongoing. The Court noted that arbitrators naturally were empowered to consider federal law in making their rulings so the arbitrators’ order to submit to FMCSA procedures was not in error. Int’l Brotherhood of Electrical Workers v. Verizon North, Inc., Case No. 07-3194 (USDC C.D. Ill. Dec. 3, 2008).

This post written by John Black.